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Mission goals include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology , assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life including investigation of the role of water , and planetary habitability studies in preparation for human exploration.

In December , Curiosity 's two-year mission was extended indefinitely, [10] and on 5 August , NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover landing. Collier Trophy by the National Aeronautic Association "In recognition of the extraordinary achievements of successfully landing Curiosity on Mars, advancing the nation's technological and engineering capabilities, and significantly improving humanity's understanding of ancient Martian habitable environments.

As established by the Mars Exploration Program , the main scientific goals of the MSL mission are to help determine whether Mars could ever have supported life , as well as determining the role of water , and to study the climate and geology of Mars. About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of organic compounds and biomolecules ; a branch of paleontology called taphonomy.

A NASA panel selected the name Curiosity following a nationwide student contest that attracted more than 9, proposals via the Internet and mail. Curiosity is an everlasting flame that burns in everyone's mind.

It makes me get out of bed in the morning and wonder what surprises life will throw at me that day. Curiosity is such a powerful force. Without it, we wouldn't be who we are today. Curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives. We have become explorers and scientists with our need to ask questions and to wonder. Curiosity is 2. Curiosity has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars. Previous successful Mars rovers are Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission , and Spirit — and Opportunity — rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission.

The remaining mass was discarded in the process of transport and landing. Wind erosion then scoured out the sediments, leaving an isolated 5. Thus, it is believed that the rover may have the opportunity to study two billion years of Martian history in the sediments exposed in the mountain. Additionally, its landing site is near an alluvial fan , which is hypothesized to be the result of a flow of ground water, either before the deposition of the eroded sediments or else in relatively recent geologic history.

According to NASA, an estimated 20, to 40, heat-resistant bacterial spores were on Curiosity at launch, and as many as 1, times that number may not have been counted. Curiosity , on the other hand, was active when it touched down on the surface of Mars, employing the rover suspension system for the final set-down.

Curiosity transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while the MSL spacecraft simultaneously lowered it beneath the spacecraft descent stage with a 20 m 66 ft tether from the "sky crane" system to a soft landing—wheels down—on the surface of Mars. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing, and the rover prepared itself to begin the science portion of the mission.

As of 9 December , the rover was The general sample analysis strategy begins with high-resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest, Curiosity can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature is intriguing, the rover uses its long arm to swing over a microscope and an X-ray spectrometer to take a closer look.

If the specimen warrants further analysis, Curiosity can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the Sample Analysis at Mars SAM or the CheMin analytical laboratories inside the rover. The MastCam system provides multiple spectra and true-color imaging with two cameras. Each camera has eight gigabytes of flash memory, which is capable of storing over 5, raw images, and can apply real time lossless data compression.

While the Bayer filter reduces visible light throughput, all three colors are mostly transparent at wavelengths longer than nm, and have minimal effect on such infrared observations. ChemCam has the ability to record up to 6, different wavelengths of ultraviolet , visible , and infrared light.

The RMI resolves 1 mm 0. The rover has two pairs of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation. REMS comprises instruments to measure the Mars environment: humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation. REMS provides new clues about the Martian general circulation, micro scale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction.

The rover has four pairs of black and white navigation cameras called hazcams , two pairs in the front and two pairs in the back. The cameras use visible light to capture stereoscopic three-dimensional 3-D imagery. MAHLI is a camera on the rover's robotic arm, and acquires microscopic images of rock and soil. MAHLI has an MAHLI also has mechanical focusing in a range from infinite to millimeter distances. The APXS instrument irradiates samples with alpha particles and maps the spectra of X-rays that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.

CheMin is the Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray powder diffraction and fluorescence instrument. It can identify and quantify the abundance of the minerals on Mars. A beam of X-rays is then directed at the powder and the crystal structure of the minerals deflects it at characteristic angles, allowing scientists to identify the minerals being analyzed. On 17 October , at " Rocknest ", the first X-ray diffraction analysis of Martian soil was performed. The results revealed the presence of several minerals, including feldspar , pyroxenes and olivine , and suggested that the Martian soil in the sample was similar to the "weathered basaltic soils " of Hawaiian volcanoes.

The SAM instrument suite analyzes organics and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. These instruments perform precision measurements of oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in carbon dioxide CO 2 and methane CH 4 in the atmosphere of Mars in order to distinguish between their geochemical or biological origin.

Honeybee Robotics built the DRT. The role of the Radiation assessment detector RAD instrument is to characterize the broad spectrum of radiation environment found inside the spacecraft during the cruise phase and while on Mars.

These measurements have never been done before from the inside of a spacecraft in interplanetary space. Its primary purpose is to determine the viability and shielding needs for potential human explorers, as well as to characterize the radiation environment on the surface of Mars, which it started doing immediately after MSL landed in August The DAN instrument employs a neutron source and detector for measuring the quantity and depth of hydrogen or ice and water at or near the Martian surface.

MARDI has eight gigabytes of internal buffer memory that is capable of storing over 4, raw images. MARDI imaging allowed the mapping of surrounding terrain and the location of landing. The rover has a 2. It has a mass of 30 kg 66 lb and its diameter, including the tools mounted on it, is about 60 cm 24 in. The remaining three are associated with sample acquisition and sample preparation functions: a percussion drill ; a brush; and mechanisms for scooping, sieving, and portioning samples of powdered rock and soil.

Since early the percussive mechanism in the drill that helps chisel into rock has had an intermittent electrical short. The NASA website momentarily became unavailable from the overwhelming number of people visiting it, [] and a minute NASA excerpt of the landings on its YouTube channel was halted an hour after the landing by an automated DMCA takedown notice from Scripps Local News , which prevented access for several hours. On 13 August , U. President Barack Obama , calling from aboard Air Force One to congratulate the Curiosity team, said, "You guys are examples of American know-how and ingenuity.

It's really an amazing accomplishment". Scientists at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles , California , viewed the CheMin instrument aboard Curiosity as a potentially valuable means to examine ancient works of art without damaging them.

Until recently, only a few instruments were available to determine the composition without cutting out physical samples large enough to potentially damage the artifacts. Engineers created a smaller, portable version named the X-Duetto.

Fitting into a few briefcase -sized boxes, it can examine objects on site, while preserving their physical integrity. It is now being used by Getty scientists to analyze a large collection of museum antiques and the Roman ruins of Herculaneum , Italy. Prior to the landing, NASA and Microsoft released Mars Rover Landing , a free downloadable game on Xbox Live that uses Kinect to capture body motions, which allows users to simulate the landing sequence.

NASA gave the general public the opportunity from until to submit their names to be sent to Mars. More than 1. Elsewhere on the rover is the autograph of Clara Ma, the year-old girl from Kansas who gave Curiosity its name in an essay contest, writing in part that "curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives". On 6 August , Curiosity audibly played " Happy Birthday to You " in honor of the one Earth year mark of its Martian landing, the first time for a song to be played on another planet.

This was also the first time music was transmitted between two planets. On 24 June , Curiosity completed a Martian year — Earth days — after finding that Mars once had environmental conditions favorable for microbial life. Some spare parts from the build and ground test of Curiosity are being used in the new vehicle, but it will carry a different instrument payload. In , project chief engineer wrote a book detailing the development of the Curiosity rover. On 5 August , NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover mission landing, and related exploratory accomplishments, on the planet Mars.

As reported in , drill samples taken in uncovered organic molecules of benzene and propane in 3 billion year old rock samples in Gale. Curiosity 's landing site is on Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp north is down. Mount Sharp rises from the middle of Gale; the green dot marks Curiosity 's landing site north is down.

Green dot is Curiosity 's landing site; upper blue is Glenelg ; lower blue is base of Mount Sharp. Curiosity 's landing ellipse.

Quad 51, called Yellowknife, marks the area where Curiosity actually landed. First-year and first-mile map of Curiosity 's traverse on Mars 1 August 3-D. Curiosity 's first image after landing 6 August The rover's wheel can be seen. Curiosity 's first image after landing without clear dust cover, 6 August Curiosity 's self-portrait — with closed dust cover 7 September Curiosity 's self-portrait 7 September ; color-corrected.

Lincoln penny on Mars Curiosity ; 4 September Wheels on Curiosity. Mount Sharp is visible in the background. Curiosity 's tracks on first test drive 22 August , after parking 6 m 20 ft from original landing site [6].

Comparison of color versions raw, natural, white balance of Aeolis Mons on Mars 23 August Curiosity 's view of Aeolis Mons 9 August ; white-balanced image.

Layers at the base of Aeolis Mons. The dark rock in inset is the same size as Curiosity.